Handbook of Artificial Intelligence at Work:
Interconnections and Policy Implications
Edward Elgar
Interconnections and Policy Implications
Edward Elgar
The purpose of the handbook is to analyze how artificial intelligence affects different sectors of the economy, the type and nature of work, and the policy implications of these changes. We are interested in understanding the role humans will have as AI is embedded more deeply into work functions. We know that routine and predictable tasks can be easily automated but machine learning will increasingly replace more complex human tasks.
AI is becoming increasingly powerful and will affect many aspects of work. Algorithms such as speech and vision recognition, sensors, virtual reality, and bots used to have narrow applications, but thanks to the exponential advance in processing power and storage, their capabilities have expanded. We have reached a point where systems can appear human-like. Many have such limited human input that they seem to operate independently. The way AI infuses into our economic processes will have implications on all aspects of society, such as health care, education, and law enforcement. The effect on work will depend on how AI is embedded, used, and supervised. Artificial and Augmented Intelligent systems could bring tremendous benefits, but they can also cause harm. The difference will be in the safeguards we put in place to minimize negative effects; the decisions stakeholders make, including those of policymakers, to foster an equitable society.
The adoption of AI at work will require the adaptation and creation of institutions. We will need to develop new guidelines and regulations as well as cross-industry and international level collaborations. In the presence of ubiquitous AI, we should not think of economic or social sectors as independent and isolated. The incorporation and impact of AI needs to be conceived as a complex, interconnected ecosystem where humans work in unison with machines to satisfy and support human existence.
This handbook brings together contributions from experts in many areas of artificial intelligence to explain how AI affects various types of work, the interconnection with other economic or social systems, the benefits and risks associated with these implementations, and the role of policymakers in providing a safe and productive future. While various aspects of lives are affected by AI, sectors also interact with each other. We thus hope that contributions acknowledge those connections with other areas of our economic, social, and political ecosystems.
1. The impact of artificial intelligence on economic sectors, work, and labor
Martha Garcia-Murillo – College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska - Omaha (USA)
Ian MacInnes – College of Business , University of Nebraska - Omaha (USA)
PART I: CONCEPTUALIZING THE HUMAN WITH THE MACHINE
2. The computer says no: how automated decision systems affect workers’ role perceptions in socio-technical systems
Sabine T. Koeszegi – Professor of Labor Science and Organization, Institute of Management Science,
TU Wien, (Austria)
Setareh Zafari – Institute of Management Science, TU Wien, (Austria)
Reinhard Grabler – Institute of Management Science, TU Wien, AT (Austria)
3. Responsible AI at work: Incorporating human values
Andreas Theodorou – Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, (Sweden)
Andrea Aler Tubella – Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, (Sweden)
4. AI-enabled business model and human-in-the-loop: Implications for labor
Uma Rani – International Labor Organization (Switzerland)
5. Tools for crowdworkers coding data for AI
Saiph Savage – Northeastern Civic A.I. (USA)
Martha Garcia-Murillo – College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska - Omaha (USA)
PART II: SECTORAL USES, APPLICATIONS, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES
6. AI and the transformation of agricultural work: economic, social and environmental implications
Andrea Renda – Center for European Policy Studies (Belgium)
7. AI in the production of goods, the role of humans and machines
Panagiotis Stavropoulos – Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation, University of Patras, (Greece)
Alexios Papacharalampopoulos – Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation, University of Patras, (Greece)
Sotiris Makris - Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation, University of Patras, (Greece)
Kosmas Alexopoulos - Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation, University of Patras, (Greece)
Steven Dhondt - Sustainable Productivity and Employability, TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
George Chryssolouris – Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation, University of Patras, (Greece)
8. Workers and AI in the Construction and Operation of Civil Infrastructures
Jinding Xing – Carnegie Mellon University, (USA)
Zhe Sun – Beijing University of Technology (USA)
Pingbo Tang – Carnegie Mellon University, (USA)
9. AI-based technology in home-based care in aging societies: Challenges and opportunities
Naoko Muramatsu, Professor of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, U.S.A.
Miloš Žefran, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, U.S.A.
Emily Stiehl, Clinical Assistant Professor of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, U.S.A.
Thomas Cornwell, National Medical Director, Village Medical at Home, U.S.A.
10. Artificial Intelligence for Professional Learning
Wayne Holmes – UCL Knowledge Lab, University College London (UK)
Allison Littlejohn – UCL Knowledge Lab, University College London (UK)
11. Smart Automation in Entrepreneurial Finance: the use of AI in private markets
Francesco Corea – Independent researcher (UK)
12 . The Artificial creatives: The rise of combinatorial creativity from Dall-E to GPT-3
Giancarlo Frosio – Queens' University Belfast (UK)
13. The Judicial System and the Work of Judges and Lawyers in the Application of Law and Sanctions Assisted by AI
Karim Benyekhlef - Université de Montréal (Canada)
Jie Zhu - Université de Montréal (Canada)
14. AI and National Security
Saiph Savage, Khoury College of Computer Sciences Northeastern University
Gabriela Avila, School of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).
Norma Elva Chávez, School of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).
Martha Garcia-Murillo, College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska - Omaha
15. Governance, government records, and the policymaking process aided by AI
Andrea Renda - Center for European Policy Studies (Belgium)
PART III THE LABOR IMPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AT WORK
16. Recurrent memes and technological fallacies
David Heatly – Sawtooth Economics Limited, (New Zealand)
Bronwyn Howell – Victoria University of Wellington (New Zealand)
17. The economic impact of AI on income and income disparities
Dan Sholler – University of California Santa Barbara (US)
Ian MacInnes – College of Business , University of Nebraska - Omaha (USA)
18. The Impact of AI on Contracts and Unionization
Michael Walker – Macquarie University, (Australia)
AI is becoming increasingly powerful and will affect many aspects of work. Algorithms such as speech and vision recognition, sensors, virtual reality, and bots used to have narrow applications, but thanks to the exponential advance in processing power and storage, their capabilities have expanded. We have reached a point where systems can appear human-like. Many have such limited human input that they seem to operate independently. The way AI infuses into our economic processes will have implications on all aspects of society, such as health care, education, and law enforcement. The effect on work will depend on how AI is embedded, used, and supervised. Artificial and Augmented Intelligent systems could bring tremendous benefits, but they can also cause harm. The difference will be in the safeguards we put in place to minimize negative effects; the decisions stakeholders make, including those of policymakers, to foster an equitable society.
The adoption of AI at work will require the adaptation and creation of institutions. We will need to develop new guidelines and regulations as well as cross-industry and international level collaborations. In the presence of ubiquitous AI, we should not think of economic or social sectors as independent and isolated. The incorporation and impact of AI needs to be conceived as a complex, interconnected ecosystem where humans work in unison with machines to satisfy and support human existence.
This handbook brings together contributions from experts in many areas of artificial intelligence to explain how AI affects various types of work, the interconnection with other economic or social systems, the benefits and risks associated with these implementations, and the role of policymakers in providing a safe and productive future. While various aspects of lives are affected by AI, sectors also interact with each other. We thus hope that contributions acknowledge those connections with other areas of our economic, social, and political ecosystems.
1. The impact of artificial intelligence on economic sectors, work, and labor
Martha Garcia-Murillo – College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska - Omaha (USA)
Ian MacInnes – College of Business , University of Nebraska - Omaha (USA)
PART I: CONCEPTUALIZING THE HUMAN WITH THE MACHINE
2. The computer says no: how automated decision systems affect workers’ role perceptions in socio-technical systems
Sabine T. Koeszegi – Professor of Labor Science and Organization, Institute of Management Science,
TU Wien, (Austria)
Setareh Zafari – Institute of Management Science, TU Wien, (Austria)
Reinhard Grabler – Institute of Management Science, TU Wien, AT (Austria)
3. Responsible AI at work: Incorporating human values
Andreas Theodorou – Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, (Sweden)
Andrea Aler Tubella – Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, (Sweden)
4. AI-enabled business model and human-in-the-loop: Implications for labor
Uma Rani – International Labor Organization (Switzerland)
5. Tools for crowdworkers coding data for AI
Saiph Savage – Northeastern Civic A.I. (USA)
Martha Garcia-Murillo – College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska - Omaha (USA)
PART II: SECTORAL USES, APPLICATIONS, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES
6. AI and the transformation of agricultural work: economic, social and environmental implications
Andrea Renda – Center for European Policy Studies (Belgium)
7. AI in the production of goods, the role of humans and machines
Panagiotis Stavropoulos – Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation, University of Patras, (Greece)
Alexios Papacharalampopoulos – Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation, University of Patras, (Greece)
Sotiris Makris - Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation, University of Patras, (Greece)
Kosmas Alexopoulos - Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation, University of Patras, (Greece)
Steven Dhondt - Sustainable Productivity and Employability, TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
George Chryssolouris – Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation, University of Patras, (Greece)
8. Workers and AI in the Construction and Operation of Civil Infrastructures
Jinding Xing – Carnegie Mellon University, (USA)
Zhe Sun – Beijing University of Technology (USA)
Pingbo Tang – Carnegie Mellon University, (USA)
9. AI-based technology in home-based care in aging societies: Challenges and opportunities
Naoko Muramatsu, Professor of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, U.S.A.
Miloš Žefran, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, U.S.A.
Emily Stiehl, Clinical Assistant Professor of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, U.S.A.
Thomas Cornwell, National Medical Director, Village Medical at Home, U.S.A.
10. Artificial Intelligence for Professional Learning
Wayne Holmes – UCL Knowledge Lab, University College London (UK)
Allison Littlejohn – UCL Knowledge Lab, University College London (UK)
11. Smart Automation in Entrepreneurial Finance: the use of AI in private markets
Francesco Corea – Independent researcher (UK)
12 . The Artificial creatives: The rise of combinatorial creativity from Dall-E to GPT-3
Giancarlo Frosio – Queens' University Belfast (UK)
13. The Judicial System and the Work of Judges and Lawyers in the Application of Law and Sanctions Assisted by AI
Karim Benyekhlef - Université de Montréal (Canada)
Jie Zhu - Université de Montréal (Canada)
14. AI and National Security
Saiph Savage, Khoury College of Computer Sciences Northeastern University
Gabriela Avila, School of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).
Norma Elva Chávez, School of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).
Martha Garcia-Murillo, College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska - Omaha
15. Governance, government records, and the policymaking process aided by AI
Andrea Renda - Center for European Policy Studies (Belgium)
PART III THE LABOR IMPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AT WORK
16. Recurrent memes and technological fallacies
David Heatly – Sawtooth Economics Limited, (New Zealand)
Bronwyn Howell – Victoria University of Wellington (New Zealand)
17. The economic impact of AI on income and income disparities
Dan Sholler – University of California Santa Barbara (US)
Ian MacInnes – College of Business , University of Nebraska - Omaha (USA)
18. The Impact of AI on Contracts and Unionization
Michael Walker – Macquarie University, (Australia)
